Sexual disorders involve any problems related to sexual functioning, desire or performance. A person with one of these conditions may have physical or emotional difficulty enjoying sexual activity, or may have sexual feelings that most people do not consider to be conventional. In some cases, sexual disorders begin very early in a person’s life, whereas other people may develop these conditions later in life after enjoying many years of healthy sexual activity. These disorders appear in a variety of forms. Some sexual disorders occur suddenly, whereas others develop slowly over time. Patients may experience a partial inability to perform part of a sex act, or may be completely disinterested in any type of sexual activity. The disorder itself may be related to a physical problem, a psychological condition or a combination of both. Sexual disorders can be divided into three categories: sexual dysfunctions, paraphilias and gender identity disorders. Sexual dysfunctions are persistent or recurrent problems that occur during the various stages of sexual response. These stages are described as appetitive (desires and fantasies about sexual activities), excitement (feelings of pleasure and physiological change), orgasm (release of sexual tension at the height of sexual excitement) and resolution (general relaxation and a sense of well-being). Sexual dysfunctions include: -
Low sexual desire disorders. Patients may have an extremely low desire for sex. Low sexual desire disorder occurs when patients are not generally interested in sex, but may perform adequately after sexual activity has begun. Sexual aversion disorder is marked by a feeling of disgust toward the notion of sexual activity.
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Sexual arousal disorders. Patients are interested in sex, but not enough to complete a sex act. In female sexual arousal disorder, a woman may not achieve adequate levels of lubrication to permit vaginal sex. In male erectile disorder, the penis may not achieve an erection sufficient to begin or complete sex.
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Orgasmic disorders. Patients are partially or completely unable to experience sexual climax. This may occur despite adequate sexual interest and arousal. Female orgasmic disorder occurs when a woman experiences either a delayed or nonexistent climax, whereas male orgasmic disorder involves the same criteria for males. In addition, males may experience premature ejaculation, which involves repeated climaxes before, during or shortly after penetration.
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Sexual pain disorders. These disorders involve pain during the sex act. In dyspareunia, either a woman or man feels genital pain at some point during intercourse, particularly during insertion. Vaginismus is a severe spasm of the vagina that prevents penetration.
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Secondary and other sexual dysfunctions. Sexual dysfunction due to a general medical condition (involving anatomical or other physical problems) and substance-induced sexual dysfunction (caused by intoxication or withdrawal from alcohol or drugs) may feature symptoms listed in the disorders above. Sexual dysfunction not otherwise specified is used when the sexual disturbances do not meet criteria for any specific sexual dysfunction. A lack of sexual interest may be caused by another mental disorder, such as somatotization disorder, depression or schizophrenia. Paraphilias are a class of sexual disorder that involves behaviors most people find distasteful, unusual or abnormal, and that are associated with clinically significant distress or disability. The word paraphilia means “abnormal or unnatural attraction.” Patients with paraphilias have sexual desires that relate to objects or animals (other than humans), humiliation or suffering of oneself or one’s partner, or nonconsenting partners. Desires or fantasies usually are not usually sufficient to diagnose a paraphilia; more commonly, the patient must actually act on these desires before a diagnosis is made. Paraphilias usually begin in adolescence and affect males almost exclusively. Many types of paraphilias – such as pedophilia, exhibitionism and voyeurism – involve acts that are against the law in many societies. Four types of paraphilias occur more commonly than the rest. These disorders may be identified through crimes perpetrated against another person. They include the following (in descending order of frequency):
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Pedophilia. Urges involving sexual activities with children.
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Exhibitionism. Involves a compelling urge to display one’s genitals to people who do not expect it.
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Voyeurism. Sexual urges related to watching an unsuspecting person disrobe or engage in sexual activity.
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Frotteurism. Compelling urge to rub one’s genitals against a person who has not consented to such an action. Other paraphilias occur much less commonly than those listed above. These include: -
Fetishism. Sexual urges related to the use of inanimate objects.
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Sexual masochism. Sexual satisfaction from being bound, humiliated or injured.
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Sexual sadism. Sexual satisfaction from inflicting suffering or humiliation on someone else.
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Transvestic fetishism. Sexual urges on the part of a heterosexual man that are related to the act of cross-dressing.
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Paraphilia not otherwise specified. There are many paraphilias that are either so rare or unstudied that they have not received official classifications to date. These include sexual urges involving specific parts of the human anatomy (partialism), corpses (necrophilia), animals (zoophilia), feces (coprophilia), urine (urophilia), enemas (klismaphilia) or making obscene phone calls (telephone scatalogia). Gender identity disorders involve feelings of strong identification with the opposite gender. These disorders are not related to sexual preference. Patients feel uncomfortable with their own gender roles and some patients detest their genitals. In many cases, these patients begin wearing clothing associated with the opposite sex. Some patients request hormone therapy that helps them develop sexual characteristics of the opposite gender (e.g., breasts), whereas others undergo sex-change operations. Intersex conditions (such as hermaphroditism, in which a person has genitalia and secondary sexual characteristics of both genders) and people with ambiguous sexual assignment may be classified in the category general identity disorder not otherwise specified. Whether gender identity disorders will remain categorized as sexual disorders is uncertain. There is significant controversy over whether transgendered or intersexed persons should be considered to have a mental health disorder. The concept that heterosexuality is the only normal form of sexual expression has been and will continue to be questioned by both professionals and lay-persons. However, at this time a person who requests hormonal treatment or a sex-change operation requires evaluation by a mental health professional and a diagnosis of a gender identity disorder. Finally, sexual problems that do not meet the criteria for the other categories may be classified as sexual disorder not otherwise specified. |